Which of the following defines the country of origin?

The concept of "country of origin" primarily refers to the specific nation where a product is made, mined, grown, manufactured, or has undergone substantial transformation. This definition is significant because it is often used in issuing import duties and tariffs, enforcing trade regulations, and applying rules of origin in trade agreements.

The focus on substantial transformation is crucial because it means that the product has been significantly altered in a way that adds value or changes its basic character. For instance, if raw materials from one country are transformed into a finished product in another, the country where the substantial transformation takes place determines the origin of that product. Understanding this aspect helps in compliance with international trade regulations and accurately determining tariffs.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately embody the formal definition of country of origin: the location of a shipping company or the country from which goods are exported do not necessarily reflect where the product has undergone significant transformation. Likewise, the last country where goods were handled prior to shipment is not indicative of the origin of the goods, as it might not reflect any manufacturing or value-adding processes. Therefore, "product made, mined, grown, manufactured or underwent substantial transformation" is the most accurate and comprehensive definition of the country of origin.